| The
Science Of Water
There is a well-established technology of water; there
is a science of water; and engineers have worked with water
throughout recorded history. But there are always new problems
and new ways of working with water to meet new uses, new development
in technology. This is what makes simple water so interesting.
New water treatment technology has established
provide point-of-use (POU) application. The most generally
used systems were distiller system, Reverse Osmosis system
and carbon block filtration. The most recent development is
the alkaline water system, magnetized water. As such, the
standard of drinking water has been raised to a higher level.
This allows vast variety of application from household drinking
water to medical and industrial application. |
| |
| Water Facts |
| |
 Water
is in liquid form between 0º to 100ºC (32º
to 212ºF) |
| Water
is in solid at or below 0ºC (32ºF) |
| Earth's
rate of rainfall is approximated at 340 cubic mile per
day (16 million tons per seconds) |
|
| |
| Unit of measurement |
| |
| 1
gallon s = 8.33 pounds = 3.778 kilograms |
| 1
gallons = 3.785 liters |
| 1
cubic foot = 7.5 gallons = 28.35 liters |
| 1
ton = 240 gallons |
| 1
acre foot = 43,560 cubic feet = 325,900 gallons |
|
| |
Drinking
Water Standards
Below are just some drinking water quality standards, with
reference from the US public health service or the world health
organization. |
| |
| Aluminum 0.1ppm |
Manganese 0.1ppm |
| Ammonia 35ppm |
Chloride 250ppm |
| Alkalinity 1.5ppm |
Chlorine 5ppm |
| Copper 1ppm |
Sulfate 250ppm |
| Calcium 200ppm |
Detergents (ABS) 0.5ppm |
| Magnesium 150.3ppm |
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 500ppm |
| Iron 0.3ppm |
pH 7.0 to 9.0pH |
|
| |
| Visit the WHO web site at http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/
for full detail explanation on acceptability of drinking water. |
| |
| Of all the above parameters,
the most general and basic measurement for drinking water
is pH and TDS. |
| |
pH
pH is a unit of measure that describes the degree of acidity
or alkalinity of a solution. It is measure on a scale of 0
to 14. Technically, pH is defined as the negative logarithms
of the hydrogen ion activity or concentration.
pH = -log[H+]
The value of pH 7.0 represents neutrality.
Below pH 7.0 is acidic and above 7.0 is alkaline. The easiest
way to measure pH is using the Trans Senz
pH tester. A more professional range of pH meter like
the WalkLAB microprocessor
pH meter for field testing and the microBench
pH meter are more suitable for industrial and medical
application.
TDS
TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) is the measure of the total solid
dissolved in water. The unit of measurement is express as
ppm (parts-per-million) or 1 milligram of solid dissolved
in 1 liters of distilled water.
The method to acquire TDS reading is by the
conversion of conductivity units. Conductivity is the ability
of a material to conduct, that is allows electrical current
to flow. Substances with high conductivity are copper, silver,
metal in general. Substances with low conductivity are glass,
ceramic, plastics and water (H20).
Pure Water is not conductive. It becomes
conductive when there are ions present. Hence Conductivity
meters are generally used to measure purity of water. Below
are some references of types of water and their conductivity
ranges and the product to use for measurement: |
| |
| Type Of Water Conductivity (Us/Cm)
Measuring Instrument |
| |
| TYPE OF WATER |
CONDUCTIVITY (uS/cm) |
MEASURING INSTRUMENT |
| Absolute pure water (H2O) 0.055 - |
0.055 |
|
| Distilled water 0.5 Pure Water Pal (µS) |
0.5 |
|
| De-mineralized water 1.0 Pure Water Pal (µS) |
1.0 |
|
| Power Plant Boiler water 1.0 Pure Water Pal (µS) |
1.0 |
|
| Pure Mountain stream water |
1.0 |
|
| Good City water |
50 |
|
| Cooling tower |
up to 6500 |
|
| Ocean water |
53,000 |
|
|
| |
| Type Of Water TDS (ppm As Nacl)
Measuring Instrument |
| |
| TYPE OF WATER |
TDS
(ppm as NaCl) |
MEASRUING INSTRUMENT |
| Absolute pure water (H2O) 0.11 - |
0.11 |
|
| Distilled water 1 Pure Water Pal (ppm) |
1 |
|
| De-mineralized water 2 Pure Water Pal (ppm) or Water
Pal |
2 |
|
| Power Plant Boiler water 2 Pure Water Pal (ppm) or Water
Pal |
2 |
|
| Pure Mountain stream water |
2 |
|
| Good City water |
100 |
|
| Ocean water |
106,000 |
|
|
| |
|
Today's point-of-use systems
are not maintenance free. To keep check on these systems,
the best and most convenient way is to test the TDS or Conductivity
measurement of the product water like the Trans Water Pal,
ECO TDS are excellent tools to check the system. Industrial
application and in hospitals can use the RO meter or the
WalkLAB Conductivity Pro meter to take precise measurements.
Distillers and RO (reverse osmosis) systems
are getting very popular. RO systems have a rejection of 90
to 98% of dissolved solid to produce clean water. A demo tool
called the ELECTROLYZER-2I
can be used to visually demonstrate between purified water
against tape water before RO system. |
| |
| |
